History of Neon Signs Georges Claude and Liquid Fire

The theory behind neon sign technology dates back to 1675, before the age of electricity, when the French astronomer Jean Picard* observed a faint glow in a mercury barometer tube. When the tube was shaken, a glow called barometric light occurred, but the cause of the light (static electricity) was not understood at that time. Even though the cause of barometric light was not yet understood, it was investigated. Later, when the principles of electricity were discovered, scientists were able to move forward towards the invention of many forms of lighting. Electric Discharge Lamps In 1855, the Geissler tube was invented, named after Heinrich Geissler, a German glassblower and physicist. The importance of the Geissler tube was that after electrical generators were invented, many inventors began conducting experiments with Geissler tubes, electric power, and various gases. When a Geissler tube was placed under low pressure and an electrical voltage was applied, the gas would glow. By 1900, after years of experiments, several different types of electric discharge lamps or vapor lamps were invented in Europe and the United States. Simply defined the electric discharge lamp is a lighting device consisting of a transparent container within which a gas is energized by an applied voltage, and thereby made to glow. Georges Claude - Inventor of the First Neon Lamp The word neon comes from the Greek neos, meaning the new gas. Neon gas was discovered by William Ramsey and M. W. Travers in 1898 in London. Neon is a rare gaseous element present in the atmosphere to the extent of 1 part in 65,000 of air. It is obtained by liquefaction of air and separated from the other gases by fractional distillation. The French engineer, chemist, and inventor Georges Claude (b. Sept. 24, 1870, d. May 23, 1960), was the first person to apply an electrical discharge to a sealed tube of neon gas (circa 1902) to create a lamp. Georges Claude displayed the first ​neon lamp to the public on December 11, 1910, in Paris. Georges Claude patented the neon lighting tube on Jan. 19th, 1915 - U.S. Patent 1,125,476. In 1923, Georges Claude and his French company Claude Neon, introduced neon gas signs to the United States, by selling two to a Packard car dealership in Los Angeles. Earle C. Anthony purchased the two signs reading Packard for $24,000. Neon lighting quickly became a popular fixture in outdoor advertising. Visible even in daylight, people would stop and stare at the first neon signs dubbed liquid fire. Making a Neon Sign Hollow glass tubes used to make neon lamps come in 4, 5 and 8 ft lengths. To shape the tubes, the glass is heated by lit gas and forced air. Several compositions of glass are used depending on the country and supplier. What is called Soft glass has compositions including lead glass, soda-lime glass, and barium glass. Hard glass in the borosilicate family is also used. Depending on the glass composition, the working range of glass is from 1600 F to over 2200F. The temperature of the air-gas flame depending on the fuel and ratio is approximately 3000F using propane gas. The tubes are scored (partial cut) while cold with a file and then snapped apart while hot. Then the artisan creates the angle and curve combinations. When the tubing is finished, the tube must be processed. This process varies depending on the country; the procedure is called bombarding in the US. The tube is partially evacuated of air. Next, it is short-circuited with high voltage current until the tube reaches a temperature of 550 F. Then the tube is evacuated again until it reaches a vacuum of 10-3 torr. Argon or neon is backfilled to a specific pressure depending on the diameter of the tube and sealed off. In the case of an argon-filled tube, additional steps are taken for the injection of mercury; typically, 10-40ul depending on tube length and climate it is to operate in. Red is the color neon gas produces, neon gas glows with its characteristic red light even at atmospheric pressure. There are now more than 150 colors possible; almost every color other than red is produced using argon, mercury, and phosphor. Neon tubes actually refer to all positive-column discharge lamps, regardless of the gas filling. The colors in order of discovery were blue (Mercury), white (Co2), gold (Helium), red (Neon), and then different colors from phosphor-coated tubes. The mercury spectrum is rich in ultraviolet light which in turn excites a phosphor coating on the inside of the tube to glow. Phosphors are available in most any pastel colors. Additional Notes Jean Picard is better known as the astronomer who first accurately measured the length of a degree of a meridian (longitude line) and from that computed the size of the Earth. A barometer is a device used to measure atmospheric pressure. Special thanks go to Daniel Preston for providing technical information for this article. Mr. Preston is an inventor, an engineer, a member of the technical committee of the International Neon Association and the owner of Preston Glass Industries.

ESL Vocabulary Words for Body Movements

Fahrenheit 451 and Salamander Reading Comprehension Free Essays

Fahrenheit 451 The Hearth and the Salamander Reading Comprehension Questions 1) The country is not at peace. The country defends itself no matter what. Jets fly across the sky, meaning there is a war. We will write a custom essay sample on Fahrenheit 451 and Salamander Reading Comprehension or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2) Captain Beatty seems to be directing Montag’s remarks at the fire station. Montag’s comments make the other firemen suspicious because he talks about how all firemen resembles a mirror image of him, and asks why don’t they prevent fires instead of burning the books. 3) The alarm at the old woman’s house is so â€Å"inconvenient† because usually before the firemen arrived at the house and the occupants had already been arrested and taken away. However, in this call, she was still at home. 4) Beatty says that none of the books agree with each other, many are lies about people who never actually lived, and it’s against the law for people to have books. 5) Montag is sick to his stomach because Mildred tells him that Clarrise’s family had moved away and she had got it by a car. Mildred had forgotten to tell Montag four days ago, but she couldn’t tell him if she was sure or not. 6) The ever-increasing speed of society affected books according to Beatty by people watching things on the television, short version of books, and the advancement of technology. ) The advancement in technology over books was the most important thing in society. Such as classics cut to fifteen or twenty minute shows, politics being two sentence headliner, and books being cut right to the information. 8) The objections of minority groups affected books by minority groups being offensive by certain types of literature, leading to cens orship. 9) Comics, confessions, and trade journals are left for people to read. 10) Beatty made a unspoken â€Å"deal† that if Montag had handed over the books, the whole incident would be looked over. How to cite Fahrenheit 451 and Salamander Reading Comprehension, Essay examples

Love Poetry Essay Example For Students

Love Poetry Essay For my literature essay I have decided to write about three poems each showing a different view of love. The first poem I chosen is The passionate shepherd to his love written by Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593), The nymphs reply to the shepherd by Sir Walter Ralegh (1552-1618) and finally Bredon Hill written A. E. Housman (1859-1936). I have chosen these three poems because each of them have a different view of love and what each poet is prepared to do for love. The third poem I have chosen is in reply to the second poem and it takes a very different view of love in how it isnt always good and how it can fade. Some of the poems are realistic but others are very romanticized. Using these three poems I am going to contrast the view of love taken by each poet. The first poem I have choosen to comment on is The Passionate Shepherd To His Love written by Christopher Marlowe. In this poem we see a very romanticized view of how this poet sees love. This poem focusses on the things that the poet can give his love but if you look closely he has promised her things which are impractical and that will soon fade or break. Examples of this are fragrant posies, fair lined slippers, bed of roses and gown made of the finest wool. The poet has done this to show the girl, if she will love him, that their life will prefect and she can have all this but only if she loves him. All through this poem we can see that the poet focusses on nature and that everything he promises her is beautiful and natural. The poet has done this because he wants to keep with the rustic background and show her he is offering her all he can. The poet uses a lot of imagery, he includes lots of adjectives when he is describing things examples of this are craggy and melodious. These create a very personal view of how he sees love and helps the reader get nto the way the poet is thinking. By picking out lots of natural things the poet is showing the love is natural. The view of love in this poem is rather impractical as the poet only sees the good things and isnt aware of the problems that they may meet along the way. However, this is not the view taken when Sir Walter Ralegh replies to this poem in The Nymphs Reply To The Shepherd. This is the girl replying to the shepherd. You can see that she has taken a very realistic view love and tells the shepherd of all the problems they could face if they were together. Sir Walter Ralegh has taken all the things the shepherd has promised the girl and shows him how they could fade or die just like their love could. The poet has choosen negative words in this poem for example, rotten, cold and rivers rage. This poem is not what most people would call a love poem as it doesnt share the romanitcized view many of the other poets had around the time it was written. The girl then goes on to say that if these things could last she would agree to be with but since they do not she says she cant love him. Most typical love poems would have the girl say yes but in this oem it has shown that love is not all sweetness and happiness but that it can fade or even die in some cases. When you compare this poem to what it is replying to its seems very negative but infact it is because the poem written by Christopher Marlowe is very romanticized that is appears like this. Moving onto my third and final poem which is Bredon Hill written by A. E. Housman we see that it is a typical love poem about a young couple but at the end there is a twist. This poem tells us the story of a young couple who plan to marry but before they can the young girl dies. .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0 , .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0 .postImageUrl , .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0 , .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0:hover , .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0:visited , .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0:active { border:0!important; } .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0:active , .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0 .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61ffd8a85a1110fefbf04088fcdd88c0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Presentation Outline EssayThe oet then goes on to say they would lie on Bredon Hill in the summer and listen to the birds and the church bells ringing while they thought of their future. In stanza 3 they ignore the bells calling them to church sunday. Then the poet goes on to say how the bells chiming made him think of their wedding in the coming spring and how the bells will peal in celebration on that day. But it is Stanza 5 when the girl dies the poet expresses this in the metaphor My love rose up so early/ And stole out unbeknown/ And went to church alone. This time the bell that is calling him to church is one of great sorrow. The poet starts of very happy but as you move the end of the poem the mood changes as the poet loses his lover. A. E. Houman uses the image of the bells to show how even they can tell a story if you listen closely to them. In stanza 3 they are sounding happy and are celebrating but in stanza 7 the bells tell a different story, they no longer are celebrating but mourning a death. He continues to say that the people are congregated here for a funeral but infact it should be for their wedding. In stanza 6, the final verse the poet refers to the bells one last time and this time he replies to them by aying, I hear you I will come. This reply could mean one of two things. Firstly that he will go to church on a sunday or more likely that he is going to take his own life so he can reunitied with his lover in death. This is a typical love story were one of the young couple dies and the other partner takes their own life to be with them for example Romeo and Juillet. In this poem you can sense the pain this young man is feeling and it is clearly seen. The poet has used simple language but the message they are trying to convery is converyed clearly. Now that I have looked at each of the poems inturn and discussed how hey protray love I can see that I have picked three very different poems. In each of them the view is very different and is effective in their own way. I feel that both Brendon Hill and The passionate Shepherd to His Love are typical love poems but The Nymphs Reply To The Shepherd is very realisitc as it shows that love is not all beautiful and golden but that it can fade and will be lost. The poet has shown that you dont need to offer expensive gifts to have love. Each poem has its own way of getting its point across and I think that each of them did in their own way. The first wo poems I looked at were written around the same period but the third poem was written some time later. This is seen very clearly as the first two take a different view on love compared to the last poem. All three poems are similar in that they tell a love story and show how great love can be but the second and third poem go futher and say that love isnt always great and that there will be many problems. One theme which is common in all three poems is nature. They all talk about nature and the seasons. Some of them are not very graphic but they have a lot of feeling and emotion in them.

Tale Of Two Cities Essays - English-language Films,

Tale of Two Cities In the fictitious novel Tale of Two Cities, the author, Charles Dickens, lays out a brilliant plot. Charles Dickens was born in England on February 7, 1812 near the south coast. His family moved to London when he was ten years old and quickly went into debt. To help support himself, Charles went to work at a blacking warehouse when he was twelve. His father was soon imprisoned for debt and shortly thereafter the rest of the family split apart. Charles continued to work at the blacking warehouse even after his father inherited some money and got out of prison. When he was thirteen, Dickens went back to school for two years. He later learned shorthand and became a freelance court reporter. He started out as a journalist at the age of twenty and later wrote his first novel, The Pickwick Papers. He went on to write many other novels, including Tale of Two Cities in 1859. Tale of Two Cities takes place in France and England during the troubled times of the French Revolution. There are travels by the characters between the countries, but most of the action takes place in Paris, France. The wineshop in Paris is the hot spot for the French revolutionists, mostly because the wineshop owner, Ernest Defarge, and his wife, Madame Defarge, are key leaders and officials of the revolution. Action in the book is scattered out in many places; such as the Bastille, Tellson's Bank, the home of the Manettes, and largely, the streets of Paris. These places help to introduce many characters into the plot. One of the main characters, Madame Therese Defarge, is a major antagonist who seeks revenge, being a key revolutionist. She is very stubborn and unforgiving in her cunning scheme of revenge on the Evermonde family. Throughout the story, she knits shrouds for the intended victims of the revolution. Charles Darnay, one of whom Mrs. Defarge is seeking revenge, is constantly being put on the stand and wants no part of his own lineage. He is a languid protagonist and has a tendency to get arrested and must be bailed out several times during the story. Dr. Alexander Manette, a veteran prisoner of the Bastille and moderate protagonist, cannot escape the memory of being held and sometimes relapses to cobbling shoes. Dr. Manette is somewhat redundant as a character in the novel, but plays a very significant part in the plot. Dr. Manette's daughter, Lucie Manette, a positive protagonist, is loved by many and marries Charles Darnay . She is a quiet, emotional person and a subtle protagonist in the novel. One who never forgot his love for Lucie, the protagonist Sydney Carton changed predominately during the course of the novel. Sydney , a look-alike of Charles Darnay, was introduced as a frustrated, immature alcoholic, but in the end, made the ultimate sacrifice for a good friend. These and other characters help to weave an interesting and dramatic plot. Dr. Manette has just been released from the Bastille, and Lucie, eager to meet her father whom she thought was dead, goes with Mr. Jarvis Lorry to bring him back to England. Dr. Manette is in an insane state from his long prison stay and does nothing but cobble shoes, although he is finally persuaded to go to England. Several years later, Lucie, Dr. Manette, and Mr. Lorry are witnesses at the trial of Charles Darnay. Darnay, earning his living as a tutor, frequently travels between England and France and is accused of treason in his home country of France. He is saved from being prosecuted by Sydney Carton, who a witness confuses for Darnay, thus not making the case positive. Darnay ended up being acquitted for his presumed crime. Darnay and Carton both fall in love with Lucie and want to marry her. Carton, an alcoholic at the time, realizes that a relationship with Lucie is impossible, but he still tells her that he loves her and would do anything for her. Darnay and Lucie marry each other on the premises of the two promises between Dr. Manette and Darnay. Right after the marriage, while the newlyweds are on their honeymoon, Dr. Manette has a relapse and cobbles shoes for nine days straight. France's citizens arm themselves for a revolution and, led by the Defarges, start the revolution by raiding the Bastille. Shortly before the start of the revolution, the Marquis runs over a child in the streets of Paris. He is assassinated soon after by Gaspard, the child's father, who is

Edward Estlin Cummings essays

Edward Estlin Cummings essays Edward Estlin Cummings was an American poet, who was one of the most radically experimental and inventive writers of the 20th century. Some distinctive feature of Cummings's poetry is the abandonment of uppercase letters and his use of grammar, sentence structure, and punctuation. He had his own unique style of writing unlike any other writer in history. E. E. Cummings was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts on October 14, 1894. Early in his life, Cummings parents, Edward and Rebecca Clarke Cummings, encouraged him to develop his creative writing skills. In 1911, Cummings entered Harvard College, where his father was a teacher, specializing in Greek and other languages. In 1916 Cummings receives MA from Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. After Harvard, Cummings moved to New York City to work for a mail-order publishing company. In 1917 Cummings volunteered to serve in the Norton-Harjes Ambulance group in France. During Cummings service, he met William Slater Brown, who becomes his life long friend. They are both assigned to ambulance duty on Noyon sector. Later Browns letters home aroused suspicions in the French army censor. On September 21, 1917, Brown was arrested along with Cummings, who refused to separate himself from Brown. They were both imprisoned for three months at a French detention camp. In 1922, Cummings wrote a book about his experience in the detention camp called, The Enormous Room. After the First World War was over, Cummings went to Paris to study art. When he returned home to New York in 1924, Cummings found himself a celebrity for the Enormous Room, Tulips, and Chimneys. In 1931, Cummings published a collection of drawings and paintings titled CIOPW, (an acronym for the materials he used: charcoal, ink, oil, pencil, and watercolors) and had many individual show in New York over the next three decades. Over the next few years Cummings published many other books of poetry. He pub...

Black Americans suffers ater war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Black Americans suffers ater war - Essay Example ime differences between the pre-war and post-war rights of the Black Americans were that after the war, they were able to cast vote, hold their own offices and also go to schools. In addition to these three differences, societal norms and practices had also altered in favor of the Black Americans. In 1867, one of the most integrated Southern cities, New Orleans distorted the long-prevailed segregation in the street cars, elected 95 black representatives and 32 black senators for the state from 1868 till 1896. Thus, more Black Americans were in politics than ever before. â€Å"African Americans so dominated the catering business that they formed the United Public Waiters’ Mutual Beneficial Association† (â€Å"After the Civil War†). Moreover, interracial marriages were also legalized. Nevertheless, life of the Black Americans in the South was yet quite imperfect in spite of all these changes. In the days of Reconstruction, opportunities for the black Americans were limited by the Black Codes according to which, Black Americans that went into professions other than agriculture were supposed to pay taxes. The Black Americans were also not allowed to possess guns or rent the land. Immediately following the Civil War, numerous anti-black agencies had surfaced one of which was the Ku Klux Klan. Lynching is the term used to refer to the illegal execution of an individual that is accused of a crime by the mob. This was originally used by White Americans to punish the Black slaves. Not just the slaves, even members of the White community that expressed their consent against lynching had had their lives put in risk. Alton Observer’s Editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy was assassinated by the White Americans on 7 November 1837 due to his criticism for lynching and consent for the eradication of slavery (â€Å"Lynching†). In the post-war era, lynching was frequently used by the Ku Klux Klan to execute the Black Americans. The period between 1868 and 1871 was when the lynching